Sleep apnea and carotid atherosclerosis in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA): leveraging state-of-the-art vascular imaging

Purpose: To further characterize the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and carotid atherosclerosis, we examined the structural and metabolic features of carotid plaque using hybrid 18-F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) Positron Emission Tomography/Magnetic Resonance Imaging (PET/MRI) in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Methods: We studied 46 individuals from the MESA-PET and MESA-Sleep ancillary studies. OSA was defined as an apnea hypopnea index [AHI] ≥ 15 events per hour (4% desaturation). PET/MRI was used to measure carotid plaque inflammation (using target-to-background-ratios [TBR]) and carotid wall thickness (CWT). Linear regression was used to assess the associations between OSA, CWT and TBR. Results: The mean age was 67.9 years (SD 8.53) and the mean BMI was 28.9 kg/m² (SD 4.47). There was a trend toward a higher mean CWT in the OSA (n = 11) vs. non-OSA group (n = 35), 1.51 vs. 1.41 (p = 0.098). TBR did not differ by OSA groups, and there was no significant association between OSA and carotid plaque inflammation (TBR) in adjusted analyses. Although there was a significant interaction between OSA and obesity, there were no statistically significant associations between OSA and vascular inflammation in stratified analysis by obesity. Conclusion: Despite a trend toward a higher carotid wall thickness in OSA vs. non-OSA participants, we did not find an independent association between OSA and carotid plaque inflammation using PET/MRI in MESA. Our findings suggest that simultaneous assessments of structural and metabolic features of atherosclerosis may fill current knowledge gaps pertaining to the influence of OSA on atherosclerosis prevalence and progression.