Relationship between Race and Access to Newer Mammographic Technology in Women with Medicare Insurance

Background: Racial disparities in breast cancer mortality have been reported. Mammographic technology has undergone two major technology transitions since 2000: first, the transition from screen-film mammography (SFM) to full-field digital mammography (FFDM) and second, the transition to digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT). Purpose: To examine the relationship between use of newer mammographic technology and race in women receiving mammography services. Materials and Methods: This was a multiyear (January 2005 to December 2020) retrospective study of women aged 40–89 years with Medicare fee-for-service insurance who underwent mammography. Data were obtained using a 5% research identifiable sample of all Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries. Within-institution and comparable-institution use of mammographic technology between Black women or women of other races and White women were assessed with multivariable logistic and linear regression, respectively, adjusted for age, race, Charlson comorbidity index, per capita income, urbanicity, and institutional capability. Results: Between 2005 and 2020, there were 4 028 696 institutional mammography claims for women (mean age, 72 years ± 8 [SD]). Within an institution, the odds ratio (OR) of Black women receiving digital mammography rather than SFM in 2005 was 0.80 (95% CI: 0.70, 0.91; P <.001) when compared with White women; these differences remained until 2009. Compared with White women, the use of DBT within an institution was less likely for Black women from 2015 to 2020 (OR, 0.84; 95% CI: 0.81, 0.87; P <.001). Across institutions, there were racial differences in digital mammography use, which followed a U-shaped pattern, and the differences peaked at 3.8 percentage points less for Black compared with White women (95% CI: −6.1, −1.6; P =.001) in 2011 and then decreased to 1.2 percentage points less (95% CI: −2.2, −0.2; P =.02) in 2016. Conclusion: In the Medicare population, Black women had less access to new mammographic imaging technology compared with White women for both the transition from screen-film mammography to digital mammography and then for the transition to digital breast tomosynthesis.