TY - JOUR
T1 - Natural History, Pathophysiology, and Recent Management Modalities of Intraventricular Hemorrhage
AU - Essibayi, Muhammed Amir
AU - Ibrahim Abdallah, Omar
AU - Mortezaei, Ali
AU - Zaidi, Saif Eddine
AU - Vaishnav, Dhrumil
AU - Cherian, Jacob
AU - Gungin, Parikh
AU - Altschul, David
AU - Labib, Mohamed
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© The Author(s) 2023.
PY - 2023
Y1 - 2023
N2 - Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a clinical challenge observed among 40–45% of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) cases. IVH can be classified according to the source of the hemorrhage into primary and secondary IVH. Primary intraventricular hemorrhage (PIVH), unlike secondary IVH, involves only the ventricles with no hemorrhagic parenchymal source. Several risk factors of PIVH were reported which include hypertension, smoking, age, and excessive alcohol consumption. IVH is associated with high mortality and morbidity and several prognostic factors were identified such as IVH volume, number of ventricles with blood, involvement of fourth ventricle, baseline Glasgow Coma Scale score, and hydrocephalus. Prompt management of patients with IVH is required to stabilize the clinical status of patients upon admission. Nevertheless, further advanced management is crucial to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with intraventricular bleeding. Recent treatments showed promising outcomes in the management of IVH patients such as intraventricular anti-inflammatory drugs, lumbar drainage, and endoscopic evacuation of IVH, however, their safety and efficacy are still in question. This literature review presents the epidemiology, physiopathology, risk factors, and outcomes of IVH in adults with an emphasis on recent treatment options.
AB - Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a clinical challenge observed among 40–45% of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) cases. IVH can be classified according to the source of the hemorrhage into primary and secondary IVH. Primary intraventricular hemorrhage (PIVH), unlike secondary IVH, involves only the ventricles with no hemorrhagic parenchymal source. Several risk factors of PIVH were reported which include hypertension, smoking, age, and excessive alcohol consumption. IVH is associated with high mortality and morbidity and several prognostic factors were identified such as IVH volume, number of ventricles with blood, involvement of fourth ventricle, baseline Glasgow Coma Scale score, and hydrocephalus. Prompt management of patients with IVH is required to stabilize the clinical status of patients upon admission. Nevertheless, further advanced management is crucial to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with intraventricular bleeding. Recent treatments showed promising outcomes in the management of IVH patients such as intraventricular anti-inflammatory drugs, lumbar drainage, and endoscopic evacuation of IVH, however, their safety and efficacy are still in question. This literature review presents the epidemiology, physiopathology, risk factors, and outcomes of IVH in adults with an emphasis on recent treatment options.
KW - anti-inflammatory
KW - endoscope
KW - intraventricular hemorrhage
KW - lumbar drain
KW - primary
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U2 - 10.1177/08850666231204582
DO - 10.1177/08850666231204582
M3 - Review article
C2 - 37769332
AN - SCOPUS:85173492460
SN - 0885-0666
JO - Journal of Intensive Care Medicine
JF - Journal of Intensive Care Medicine
ER -