@article{38a26c8f70154a6389676a1c2f894968,
title = "Three-dimensional-printed gas dynamic virtual nozzles for x-ray laser sample delivery",
abstract = "Reliable sample delivery is essential to biological imaging using X-ray Free Electron Lasers (XFELs). Continuous injection using the Gas Dynamic Virtual Nozzle (GDVN) has proven valuable, particularly for time-resolved studies. However, many important aspects of GDVN functionality have yet to be thoroughly understood and/or refined due to fabrication limitations. We report the application of 2-photon polymerization as a form of high-resolution 3D printing to fabricate high-fidelity GDVNs with submicron resolution. This technique allows rapid prototyping of a wide range of different types of nozzles from standard CAD drawings and optimization of crucial dimensions for optimal performance. Three nozzles were tested with pure water to determine general nozzle performance and reproducibility, with nearly reproducible off-axis jetting being the result. X-ray tomography and index matching were successfully used to evaluate the interior nozzle structures and identify the cause of off-axis jetting. Subsequent refinements to fabrication resulted in straight jetting. A performance test of printed nozzles at an XFEL provided high quality femtosecond diffraction patterns.",
author = "Garrett Nelson and Kirian, {Richard A.} and Uwe Weierstall and Zatsepin, {Nadia A.} and Tom{\'a}{\v s} Farag{\'o} and Tilo Baumbach and Fabian Wilde and Niesler, {Fabian B.P.} and Benjamin Zimmer and Izumi Ishigami and Masahide Hikita and Sa{\v s}a Bajt and Yeh, {Syun Ru} and Rousseau, {Denis L.} and Chapman, {Henry N.} and Spence, {John C.H.} and Michael Heymann",
note = "Funding Information: We are grateful to Prof R. Bruce Doak who contributed significantly to concept formulation, nozzle design, device engineering strategies, and patenting in the early stages of this project. This work was supported by National Science Foundation (NSF) STC award 1231306, National Science Foundation (NSF) award CHE-1404929 (D.L.R.), National Institutes of Health (NIH) award GM098799 (D.L.R.) and National Institutes of Health (NIH) award GM097463 (G.N.). The ANKA Synchrotron Radiation Facility and the Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht operated PETRA III beamline P05 are acknowledged for providing beam time. Part of this research was carried out at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), a National User Facility operated by Stanford University on behalf of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright}2016 Optical Society of America.",
year = "2016",
month = may,
day = "30",
doi = "10.1364/OE.24.011515",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "24",
pages = "11515--11530",
journal = "Optics Express",
issn = "1094-4087",
publisher = "The Optical Society",
number = "11",
}