TY - JOUR
T1 - The impact of geographic, ethnic, and demographic dynamics on the perception of beauty
AU - Broer, Peter Niclas
AU - Juran, Sabrina
AU - Liu, Yuen Jong
AU - Weichman, Katie
AU - Tanna, Neil
AU - Walker, Marc E.
AU - Ng, Reuben
AU - Persing, John A.
PY - 2014/3
Y1 - 2014/3
N2 - BACKGROUND: Beauty lies in the eyes of the beholder, but influenced by the individual's geographic, ethnic, and demographic background and characteristics. In plastic surgery, objective measurements are used as a foundation for aesthetic evaluations. This study assumes interdependence between variables such as country of residence, sex, age, occupation, and aesthetic perception. METHODS: Computerized images of a model's face were generated with the ability to alter nasal characteristics and the projection of the lips and chin. A survey containing these modifiable images was sent to more than 13,000 plastic surgeons and laypeople in 50 different countries, who were able to virtually create a face that they felt to be the aesthetically "ideal" and most pleasing. Demographic information about the interviewees was obtained. RESULTS: Values of various aesthetic parameters of the nose were described along with their relationship to geography, demography, and occupation of the respondents. Interregional and ethnic comparison revealed that variables of country of residence, ethnicity, occupation (general public vs surgeon), and sex correlate along a 3-way dimension with the ideal projection of the lips and the chin. Significant interaction effects were found between variables of country of residence or ethnicity with occupation and sex of the respondents. CONCLUSIONS: What are considered the "ideal" aesthetics of the face are highly dependent on the individual's cultural and ethnic background and cannot simply and solely be defined by numeric values and divine proportions. As confirmed with this study, ethnic, demographic, and occupational factors impact peoples' perception of beauty significantly.
AB - BACKGROUND: Beauty lies in the eyes of the beholder, but influenced by the individual's geographic, ethnic, and demographic background and characteristics. In plastic surgery, objective measurements are used as a foundation for aesthetic evaluations. This study assumes interdependence between variables such as country of residence, sex, age, occupation, and aesthetic perception. METHODS: Computerized images of a model's face were generated with the ability to alter nasal characteristics and the projection of the lips and chin. A survey containing these modifiable images was sent to more than 13,000 plastic surgeons and laypeople in 50 different countries, who were able to virtually create a face that they felt to be the aesthetically "ideal" and most pleasing. Demographic information about the interviewees was obtained. RESULTS: Values of various aesthetic parameters of the nose were described along with their relationship to geography, demography, and occupation of the respondents. Interregional and ethnic comparison revealed that variables of country of residence, ethnicity, occupation (general public vs surgeon), and sex correlate along a 3-way dimension with the ideal projection of the lips and the chin. Significant interaction effects were found between variables of country of residence or ethnicity with occupation and sex of the respondents. CONCLUSIONS: What are considered the "ideal" aesthetics of the face are highly dependent on the individual's cultural and ethnic background and cannot simply and solely be defined by numeric values and divine proportions. As confirmed with this study, ethnic, demographic, and occupational factors impact peoples' perception of beauty significantly.
KW - Beauty
KW - academic practice
KW - demographic impact
KW - ethnic and cultural background
KW - facial aesthetics
KW - interaction effect
KW - international
KW - private practice
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84896908423&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84896908423&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1097/SCS.0000000000000406
DO - 10.1097/SCS.0000000000000406
M3 - Article
C2 - 24621757
AN - SCOPUS:84896908423
SN - 1049-2275
VL - 25
SP - e157-e161
JO - Journal of Craniofacial Surgery
JF - Journal of Craniofacial Surgery
IS - 2
ER -