Stimulation-Produced Analgesia (TENS and Acupuncture)

The gate control theory of pain proposes the concept that painful peripheral sensory input can be mitigated by the generation of competing peripheral sensory signals. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) units provide electrical impulses that traverse the skin to stimulate the underlying nerves and muscles. These electrical impulses consist of adjustable pulse rate, pulse duration, and intensity. Acupuncture (which is also discussed in the chapter covering complementary and alternative therapies or CAM) involves the insertion of thin-gauge needles along special anatomical pathways to produce its effect. While there are invasive nerve simulation techniques, noninvasive and minimally invasive provide a safe alternative as an adjuvant analgesic therapy and can be used for both acute and chronic pain.