Screening for Cancer in Persons Living with HIV Infection

Survival with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has greatly improved due to effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). As infectious complications have declined, malignancy now accounts for over one-third of deaths among people living with HIV (PLWH). Based on practices in the general population, cancer screening of PLWH can decrease both morbidity and mortality. In this article, we review and consider directed approaches for colorectal, breast, cervical, and lung cancer screening. Furthermore, routine physical examinations may detect lymphomas and skin, anal, and oral cancers. Comprehensive cancer prevention in PLWH should also include ART adherence, vaccination against oncogenic viruses, treatment of hepatitis viruses, and smoking cessation. Cancer screening for PLWH warrants further research on safety and efficacy as well as targeted efforts to increase adherence.