@article{0598443e9d6940c5b9ec680cd0e94664,
title = "ILAE classification of the epilepsies: Position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology",
abstract = "The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) Classification of the Epilepsies has been updated to reflect our gain in understanding of the epilepsies and their underlying mechanisms following the major scientific advances that have taken place since the last ratified classification in 1989. As a critical tool for the practicing clinician, epilepsy classification must be relevant and dynamic to changes in thinking, yet robust and translatable to all areas of the globe. Its primary purpose is for diagnosis of patients, but it is also critical for epilepsy research, development of antiepileptic therapies, and communication around the world. The new classification originates from a draft document submitted for public comments in 2013, which was revised to incorporate extensive feedback from the international epilepsy community over several rounds of consultation. It presents three levels, starting with seizure type, where it assumes that the patient is having epileptic seizures as defined by the new 2017 ILAE Seizure Classification. After diagnosis of the seizure type, the next step is diagnosis of epilepsy type, including focal epilepsy, generalized epilepsy, combined generalized, and focal epilepsy, and also an unknown epilepsy group. The third level is that of epilepsy syndrome, where a specific syndromic diagnosis can be made. The new classification incorporates etiology along each stage, emphasizing the need to consider etiology at each step of diagnosis, as it often carries significant treatment implications. Etiology is broken into six subgroups, selected because of their potential therapeutic consequences. New terminology is introduced such as developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. The term benign is replaced by the terms self-limited and pharmacoresponsive, to be used where appropriate. It is hoped that this new framework will assist in improving epilepsy care and research in the 21st century.",
keywords = "Classification, Epilepsy syndromes, Etiology, Terminology",
author = "Scheffer, {Ingrid E.} and Samuel Berkovic and Giuseppe Capovilla and Connolly, {Mary B.} and Jacqueline French and Laura Guilhoto and Edouard Hirsch and Satish Jain and Mathern, {Gary W.} and Mosh{\'e}, {Solomon L.} and Nordli, {Douglas R.} and Emilio Perucca and Torbj{\"o}rn Tomson and Samuel Wiebe and Zhang, {Yue Hua} and Zuberi, {Sameer M.}",
note = "Funding Information: Ingrid Scheffer received support from and/or has served as a paid consultant for UCB, Eisai, Athena Diagnostics, GlaxoSmithKline, Transgenomics, and Biocodex. She serves on the editorial boards of Neurology and Epileptic Disorders. She has received grants from the National Health and Medical Research Council, Australian Research Council, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Human Research Council, Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy (CURE), the US Department of Defense, and the March of Dimes. Samuel Berkovic discloses payments from UCB Pharma, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi-Aventis, and Jansen Cilag for advisory board and educational activities, and a patent for SCN1A testing held by Bionomics Inc licensed to various diagnostic companies. Giuseppe Capovilla serves on the editorial board of the European Journal of Pediatric Neurology. Mary Connolly has received research grants and/or speakers honoraria from UCB, Novartis, Biocodex, Eisai, and Sage Therapeutics. All honoraria are donated to the Epilepsy Research and Development Fund. She has also received research grants from CIHR (Canadian Institute for Health Research) and The Alva Foundation. She is Co-Chair of the Canadian Paediatric Epilepsy Network. Jacqueline French: The Epilepsy Study Consortium pays her university employer for her consultant time related to Acorda, Anavex, Brabant Pharma, Bio-Pharm Solutions, Eisai Medical Research, GlaxoSmithKline, GW Pharma, Impax, Johnson & Johnson, Marinus, Neusentis, Novartis, Roivant, Pfizer, Sage, Sunovion, SK Life Sciences, Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Takeda, UCB, Upsher-Smith, Ultragenyx, Vertex, Zogenix, Zynerba, and the Scientific Advisory Board for Anavex, UCB; grants and research from Acorda, Alexza, LCGH, Eisai Medical Research, Lundbeck, Pfizer, SK Life Sciences, UCB, Upsher-Smith, and Vertex; and grants from National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Epilepsy Therapy Project, Epilepsy Research Foundation, Epilepsy Study Consortium. She is on the editorial board of Lancet Neurology, Neurology Today, and Epileptic Disorders, and is an Associate Editor of Epilepsia, for which she receives a fee. Laura Guilhoto: serves on the editorial board of Seizure—European Journal of Epilepsy. Edouard Hirsch has received support from UCB, and/or has served as a paid consultant for UCB, Eisai, and Bial. Satish Jain and Yue-Hua Zhang have no disclosures. Gary Mathern is partially supported by the Davies/Crandall Chair for Epilepsy Research at UCLA and is co-editor in chief for Epilepsia and Epilepsia Open. He is also on the editorial board of Neurology, and the Data Management Committee for NeuroPace, Inc. Solomon L. Mosh{\'e} MD is the Charles Frost Chair in Neurosurgery and Neurology and funded by grants from NIH NS43209 and 1U54NS100064-01, CURE Infantile Spasms Initiative, the US Department of Defense (W81XWH-13-1-0180), the Heffer Family and the Segal Family Foundations, and the Abbe Goldstein/Joshua Lurie and Laurie Marsh/Dan Levitz families. He serves as Associate Editor of Neurobiology of Disease, and is on the editorial boards of Brain and Development, Pediatric Neurology, and Physiological Research. He receives from Elsevier an annual compensation for his work as Associate Editor of Neurobiology of Disease and royalties from two books he co-edited. He received a consultant's fee from Eisai and UCB. Douglas Nordli is funded from NIH (1-RO1-NS43209) and CURE. He is an Associate Editor for UpToDate. Emilio Perucca has received speaker's or consultancy fees and/or research grants from the following pharmaceutical companies: Eisai, Biopharm Solutions, GW Pharma, Mylan, Sanofi, SK Life Sciences, Sun Pharma, Takeda, and UCB Pharma. Torbj{\"o}rn Tomson has received research grants and/or speakers honoraria to his institution from the following pharmaceutical companies: Eisai, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, Bial, and UCB. He has also received research grants from CURE, Stockholm County Council, and EU (DG Sante). Samuel Wiebe has received speaker's or consultancy fees and/or research/educational grants from UCB, Electrocore, and Sunovion. Sameer Zuberi has received research support and or speaker{\textquoteright} honoraria/consultancy fees from Epilepsy Research UK, Dravet Syndrome UK, UCB Pharma, Yorkhill Children's Charity, GW Pharma, Brabant Pharma, and Zogenix. He is Editor-in-Chief of the European Journal of Paediatric Neurology. We confirm that we have read the Journal's position on issues involved in ethical publication and affirm that this report is consistent with those guidelines. Publisher Copyright: Wiley Periodicals, Inc. {\textcopyright} 2017 International League Against Epilepsy",
year = "2017",
month = apr,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1111/epi.13709",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "58",
pages = "512--521",
journal = "Epilepsia",
issn = "0013-9580",
publisher = "Wiley-Blackwell",
number = "4",
}