Abstract
Significant numbers of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) develop CNS infection primarily in macrophages and microglial cells. Therefore, the regulation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and activation of the brain mononuclear phagocytes subsequent to infection are important areas of investigation. In the current report, we studied the role of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and macrophage-CSF (M-CSF) in the expression of antiviral β-chemokines and HIV-1 p24 in cultures of primary human fetal microglia. We found that stimulation with GM-CSF or M-CSF induced macrophage inflammatory proteins (MIP-1α and MIP-1β) and augmented RANTES expression, after HIV-1 infection of microglia. This was not due to the effect of GM-CSF on viral expression because GM-CSF was neither necessary nor stimulatory for viral infection, nor did GM-CSF enhance the expression of env-pseudotyped reporter viruses. Blocking GM-CSF-induced microglial proliferation by nocodazole had no effect on β-chemokine or p24 expression. The functional significance of the GM-CSF-induced β-chemokines was suggested by the finding that, in the presence of GM-CSF, exogenous β-chemokines lost their anti-HIV-1 effects. We further show that although HIV-1-infected microglia produced M-CSF, they failed to produce GM-CSF. In vivo, GM-CSF expression was localized to activated astrocytes and some inflammatory cells in HIV-1 encephalitis, suggesting paracrine activation of microglia through GM-CSF. Our results demonstrate a complex interplay between CSFs, chemokines, and virus in microglial cells and may have bearing on the interpretation of data derived in vivo and in vitro.
Original language | English (US) |
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Pages (from-to) | 174-183 |
Number of pages | 10 |
Journal | Glia |
Volume | 39 |
Issue number | 2 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - 2002 |
Keywords
- GM-CSF
- HIV-1
- M-CSF
- Microglia
- β-chemokine
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Neurology
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience