Glial Cells

Glia produce trophic factors, ensheath axonal extensions, regulate neurotransmitter and ion concentrations, and remove toxins and debris from the extracellular space of the central nervous system (CNS), maintaining an extracellular milieu that is optimally suited for neuronal function. Consequently, glial functional impairments, as well as physiological reactions of glia to injury, have the potential to induce and/or exacerbate neuronal dysfunction. This mini-review showcases contemporary evidence provoking reformulation of concepts of the interdependence between glia and neurons in modulating final pathways of neuropathologic injury. The chapter commences with a discussion on the role of the various cells in maintaining optimal CNS function both during development and later life-stages, followed by a discussion on their role in mediating neurotoxicity.