Cytokine and chemokine responses in invasive aspergillosis following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Past evidence for future therapy of aspergillosis

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is a frequent complication in immunocompromised in-dividuals, and it continues to be an important cause of mortality in patients undergoing hemato-poietic stem cell transplantation. In addition to antifungal therapy used for mycoses, immune‐mod-ulatory molecules such as cytokines and chemokines can modify the host immune response and exhibit a promising form of antimicrobial therapeutics to combat invasive fungal diseases. Cytokine and chemokine profiles may also be applied as biomarkers during fungal infections and clinical research has demonstrated different activation patterns of cytokines in invasive mycoses such as aspergillosis. In this review, we summarize different aspects of cytokines that have been described to date and provide possible future directions in research on invasive pulmonary aspergillosis following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. These findings suggest that cytokines and chemo-kines may serve as useful biomarkers to improve diagnosis and monitoring of infection.