Cervicovaginal human papillomavirus infection in human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV)-positive and high-risk HIV-negative women

Joel M. Palefsky, Howard Minkoff, Leslie A. Kalish, Alexandra Levine, Henry S. Sacks, Patricia Garcia, Mary Young, Sandra Melnick, Paolo Miotti, Robert Burk

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

409 Scopus citations

Abstract

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is associated with precancerous cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions commonly seen among women infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV). We characterized HPV infection in a large cohort of HIV-positive and HIV-negative women participating in the Women's Interagency Study to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for cervicovaginal HPV infection in HIV-positive women. Methods: HIV-positive (n = 1778) and HIV-negative (n = 500) women were tested at enrollment for the presence of HPV DNA in a cervicovaginal lavage specimen. Blood samples were tested for HIV antibody status, level of CD4- positive T cells, and HIV RNA load (copies/mL). An interview detailing risk factors was conducted. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Results: Compared with HIV-negative women, HIV-positive women with a CD4+ cell count of less than 200/mm3 were at the highest risk of HPV infection, regardless of HIV RNA load (odds ratio [OR] = 10.13; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 7.32-14.04), followed by women with a CD4+ count greater than 200/mm3 and an HIV RNA load greater than 20 000 copies/mL (OR = 5.78; 95% CI = 4.17-8.08) and women with a CD4+ count greater than 200/mm3 and an HIV RNA load less than 20 000 copies/mL (OR = 3.12; 95% CI = 2.36-4.12), after adjustment for other factors. Other risk factors among HIV-positive women included racial/ethnic background (African-American versus Caucasian, OR = 1.64; 95% CI = 1.19-2.28), current smoking (yes versus no; OR = 1.55; 95% CI = 1.20-1.99), and younger age (age <30 years versus ≥40 years; OR 1.75; 95% CI = 1.23-2.49). Conclusions: Although the strongest risk factors of HPV infection among HIV-positive women were indicators of more advanced HIV- related disease, other factors commonly found in studies of HIV-negative women, including racial/ethnic background, current smoking, and age, were important in HIV-positive women as well.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)226-236
Number of pages11
JournalJournal of the National Cancer Institute
Volume91
Issue number3
DOIs
StatePublished - Feb 3 1999

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Oncology
  • Cancer Research

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